Stars with a mass eight times greater than that of our Sun are classified as high - mass stars. As their lifespan nears its end, they undergo a cataclysmic explosion of unparalleled magnitude. This explosion is so powerful that it can outshine an entire galaxy for a brief period. After this explosion, depending on the mass of the remaining core, two possible outcomes emerge. If the residual core mass is less than three solar masses, it collapses to form a neutron star. However, if the core mass exceeds three solar masses, the gravitational pull is so intense that it collapses into a black hole, a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

Neutron stars, the predecessors of pulsars, are incredibly dense. They pack a mass comparable to that of the Sun into a sphere only about 20 kilometers in diameter, roughly the size of a small city on Earth. When a neutron star has a strong enough magnetic field and rotates at high speeds, it becomes a pulsar. Pulsars emit focused beams of electromagnetic radiation from their magnetic poles. As they spin, these beams sweep across space like the rotating beam of a lighthouse. When Earth lies in the path of these sweeping beams, we detect regular pulses of radiation, which is how pulsars got their name. Their rotation periods can range from as short as a few milliseconds to several seconds, with some of the fastest pulsars spinning hundreds of times per second. These cosmic oddities continue to intrigue scientists, offering valuable insights into the extreme physics of the universe, from the nature of matter under extreme conditions to the behavior of intense magnetic fields.